A herniated disc is a spinal problem that occurs when a disc between the vertebrae ruptures or slips, protruding into the spinal canal and pressing on the nerve roots. Discs are structures that provide the spine with mobility and absorb shock. When this structure weakens, the inner portion protrudes, resulting in a herniated disc.

The most common causes of a herniated disc are aging, excess weight, heavy lifting, sudden movements, genetic factors, and repetitive stress on the spine. The loss of fluid in the discs with age increases the risk of rupture. Poor posture and intense physical activity can also trigger a herniated disc.

Symptoms of a herniated disc include lower back pain, sciatic pain radiating to the legs, numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and decreased reflexes. Sciatic pain is felt primarily in the back of the leg and worsens with walking, sitting, or bending. In advanced cases, loss of urinary and bowel control may occur.

Diagnosis is made through physical examination, patient history, and imaging studies such as MRI, CT, or X-ray.

Treatment includes rest, medication, and orthopedic rehabilitation for mild to moderate cases. Orthopedic rehabilitation aims to strengthen the muscles supporting the spine and increase flexibility. Epidural injections may be used to relieve pain when necessary. In severe cases, surgical treatment is considered. Microsurgery and discectomy are the most commonly used methods to relieve nerve pressure.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can halt the progression of a herniated disc and improve quality of life. Therefore, it is important to consult a specialist for back pain and pain radiating to the legs.